nation definition political science

It should also be noted that, in his report on the establishment of a European remembrance Centre for victims of forced population movements and ethnic cleansing (Doc. Conversely, the words used in certain national languages have no adequate translation in English or French, the two official languages of the Council of Europe. -        Article 2 of the constitution of Ireland is equally cryptic: “(…) the Irish nation cherishes its special affinity with people of Irish ancestry living abroad who share its cultural identity and heritage.”, -        Article 40 of the constitution of Switzerland requires the Confederation to “encourage links amongst Swiss citizens domiciled abroad, and their links with Switzerland. Clearly, a state cannot expect loyalty from a minority unless it recognises it as having rights, and as having rights equal to those of the majority. The Assembly also notes that because of the way in which the nation-states were formed during the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century, as well as because of nation-states’ border changes at the end of the Second World War and of the Cold War, on the territories of almost all the Council of Europe member states there live various groups of people who are at the same time citizens of the same state or civic nation, but who belong to and are part of different cultural nations. However, in theoretical terms these concepts are not equivalent. Article 11.3: “The state may make dual nationality treaties with the Ibero-American countries and with those which may have had, or have, a special bond with Spain. However, while the distinction between those two meanings is still to be identified in some of the Council of Europe member states' constitutions, the general trend of the nation-state’s evolution is towards its transformation depending on the case, from a purely ethnic or ethnocentric state into a civic state and from a purely civic state into a multicultural state where specific rights are recognised not only to physical persons but also to cultural or national communities. These, once again, are provisions concerning relations with “nationals” (persons of the same ethnic identity) who are citizens of other countries. 31. On the other hand, many member states do recognise the existence of national minorities either in their constitution or in their legislation and provide for collective protection of their rights. The distinction between national and new minorities. 73. 3.1.2. The terms nation and state are used as synonym. It may support organisations which pursue this goal. Belgium is a perfect illustration of this because its state structure is founded on a linguistic basis: it is a federal state which comprises three communities (French, Flemish and German-speaking), three regions (Walloon, Flemish and Brussels) and four linguistic regions (three monolingual – the French-speaking region, the Dutch-speaking region and the German-speaking region – and the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital). In the Constitution of Germany, the term “German people” refers to persons of German citizenship living in the Federal Republic of Germany. Some unitary states, such as Estonia, France, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Turkey establish a clear link between unity and indivisibility of the State with the nation; this link is particularly marked in the case of Croatia. 74. In contrast, the preamble to the constitution as amended on 12 December 1997, suggests a more selective approach as it enlists only 10 national minorities, referred to in the constitution as ‘autochthonous’, as well as a general category ‘others’. Oxford English Dictionary defines Political Science as “the study of the state and systems of government.” Politics as the study of national Institution :- Bridal expressed the view that “Political Science is, above all, descriptive study which brings together the description of national Natio came to mean the Notables, the community of those who shared political power with the king (Natio Hungarica, Natio Polonica), and more specifically those whose origin, rank or duties conferred the right to participate in the affairs of the state. In particular, it has addressed the issue from the angle of nationality and state succession (see the proceedings of the colloquy held in Vilnius on 16-17 May 1997) and in its 2012 opinion on the protection of national minorities by their kin-state, at the committee’s request. 18. 1. 4.1. The Assembly acknowledges that the most important role in preserving the identity of national minorities falls to the state of which the national minority members are citizens. France, Greece, Portugal, “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” and Turkey gave no explanation to the absence of signature and/or ratification. Paul Gilroy discusses how the language of nation and race played a significant part in re-invigorating the Conservative party’s political discourse when Britain lost its colonial power. 75. It is a legal concept expressing the unity of the social basis of the state, which is viewed as a given, not a construct. This possibility has been used in the last few years by persons of Estonian origin whose forebears had left Estonia at various times, emigrated and settled in western countries, to rediscover their roots and contribute to the country’s economic and commercial development. Most of the time constitutional provisions are completed with specific and detailed laws on the rights of minorities. Create your account, The word "nation" is usually a synonym for country. 72. The French conception led to recognition of the right of self-determination; a nation exists only when it succeeds in throwing off the yoke of oppression, despotism and absolute monarchy, when it becomes an independent state based on the common political will of the people. The Advisory Committee considers that no undue differentiations should be made between various national minorities and therefore finds it regrettable that the preamble to the constitution does not mention explicitly other minorities listed in the above-mentioned Constitutional Law, such as Bosniacs, Roma and Slovenes.”, 8 Denmark also recognised minority groups by virtue of its accession to the Framework Convention; Denmark wished to restrict such recognition to the German minority of southern Jutland. 2.2. This analysis would not be complete without a reminder of the following definition, given by the Assembly in its Recommendation 1201 (1993): “the expression ‘‘national minority'' refers to a group of persons in a state who : a.       reside on the territory of that state and are citizens thereof ; b.        maintain longstanding, firm and lasting ties with that state ; c.        display distinctive ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic characteristics ; d.       are sufficiently representative, although smaller in number than the rest of the population of that state or of a region of that state ; e.        are motivated by a concern to preserve together that which constitutes their common identity, including their culture, their traditions, their religion or their language.”. Political science is one of the social sciences. However, they must be the object of collective protection and their members must enjoy the capacity to act, either as individual legal subjects or associated in various entities with legal personality, in defence of the respective national minorities’ identity and cultural rights. Nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polity—i.e., a state —that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. It was Enlightenment France which, by coining the concept of the nation-state, gave substance to the concept of nation. Article 2 lays down the principle that “The State of Lithuania shall be created by the Nation. 63. Consequently, the Assembly recommends that the Committee of Ministers: 16.1.       invite the member states not yet having done so to sign and ratify the Framework Convention for the protection of national minorities, the European Charter for regional or minority languages and the European Charter of local self-government, which are fundamental instruments for maintaining the national identity of national minorities or communities, and step up its efforts in this respect; 16.2.       invite the member states to promote in their national legislation the recognition of the cultural rights of minorities, inter alia on the basis of Recommendation 43 (1998) on territorial autonomy and national minorities and Recommendation 70 (1999) on local law/special status of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe; 16.3.       take the appropriate measures in order to make sure that the member states reject any attempt to promote the ethnic purity of the state or to organise the territory and the administration of the state on an ethnic basis, with the exception of the affirmative measures which aim to achieve a fair representation of the national minorities in their country’s administration, at the central and the local level; 16.4.       invite the member states to bring into line their constitutions with the contemporary democratic European standards which call on each state to integrate all its citizens, irrespective of their ethno-cultural background, within a civic and multicultural entity and to stop defining and organising themselves as exclusively ethnic or exclusively civic states; 16.5.       draw up guidelines on procedures for developing relations between a state and the minorities residing in a different state – mainly in its neighbourhood –, bearing in mind the criteria identified by the Venice Commission in its 2001 report, in the light of its analysis of existing legislations, as well as the pertinent Assembly resolutions and recommendations. To clarify these concepts, political theorists draw on enduring political writings from ancient Greece to the present and on various writings by moral philosophers. Poland makes a distinction between national minorities, defined as those which have their own nation states (state minorities), and ethnic minorities, defined as groups which have not their own nation states (stateless minorities). In these countries, even when they do not grant their own citizens a reciprocal right, Spaniards may become naturalised without losing their nationality of origin”. It is the study of government. Likewise, the Council of Europe member states are invited to sign and ratify – if they have not yet done so – the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the European Charter of Local Self-Government, which can become important instruments in preserving the national identity of national communities (minorities). The replies to the question on whether the law of the member states draws a distinction between so-called traditional minorities and new minorities are instructive. Definition of the concept of “national minorities”. The terms state, government and nation differ in meaning. For the purposes of the Framework Convention, Switzerland identifies national minorities as “groups of individuals numerically inferior to the rest of the population of the country or of a canton, whose members are Swiss nationals, have longstanding, firm and lasting ties with Switzerland and are guided by the will to safeguard together what constitutes their common identity, in particular, their culture, their traditions, their religion or their language.”, 89. The term “nation”, however, appears only once, in Article 29: “The head of State of Hungary is the President of the Republic, who represents the unity of the nation and guards the democratic operation of the State”. A government is the established for of political administration of a state. 7. The constitution of Turkey is also very strongly influenced by the concept of nation, particularly its preamble, which lays down the fundamental principles governing the Turkish state: “In line with the concept of nationalism and the reforms and principles introduced by the founder of the Republic of Turkey, Atat�rk, (…) this Constitution, which affirms the eternal existence of the Turkish nation and motherland and the indivisible unity of the Turkish state, embodies; The understanding of the absolute supremacy of the will of the nation and of the fact that sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the Turkish nation (…). In Europe after the Second World War, several states lost not only territory but also large parts of their nations – people who became citizens of the states which occupied the territories where they lived. 81. 51. 32. The Assembly believes it necessary to strengthen recognition of every European citizen's links with his identity, culture, traditions and history, to allow any individual to define himself as a member of a cultural "nation" irrespective of his country of citizenship or the civic nation to which he belongs as a citizen, and, more specifically, to satisfy the growing aspirations of minorities which have a heightened sense of belonging to a certain cultural nation. Luxembourg, defines a national minority as “a group of persons who have been settled on its territory for many generations, who have Luxembourg nationality and who have retained distinct characteristics from the ethnic and linguistic point of view”. The Republic of Albania assures assistance for Albanians who live and work abroad in order to preserve and develop their ties with the national cultural inheritance.”, -        Croatia: Article 10 of the constitution also provides that “the Republic of Croatia shall protect the rights and interests of its citizens living or residing abroad, and shall promote their links with the homeland. There is an underlying logic to this: the people build the nation, the nation founds the republic, the republic determines the outlines and functioning of the state5. Thirty-five delegations3 replied to the questionnaire and I wish to express my sincere thanks to them. Five groups of states may be identified: 3.1.1. Recognition of the nation’s links with the kin-state. Questionnaire addressed to national delegations. Lastly, mention should be made of Recommendation 1623 (2003) on rights of national minorities, in which the Assembly goes further, recommending that “the Committee of Ministers take the necessary measures to continue co-operation with the European Union, with a view to achieving common policies in the field of the protection of national minorities”. 107. The Sami also enjoy a right to local self-government. The Venice Commission noted, inter alia, that the list of national minorities which appears in the preamble to the constitution constitutes a practice which runs counter to that generally advocated by both the Council of Europe and the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, as it tends to create legal problems related to the protection of minorities (in particular, those that may exist in fact but do not appear on the list). Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Iceland, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro and “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” have not yet ratified it. 26. The purpose of all these recommendations is to ensure that the concepts of “nation” and “national community (minority)” are interpreted flexibly and in good faith and to foster a peaceful and tolerant climate between the majority and national minorities in every Council of Europe member state. In Estonia, for example, over half of those belonging to minorities settled in the country in the 1960s and 70s, and therefore do not constitute a “traditional” minority. 85. Simple translation mistakes cause misunderstandings. The Assembly recalls that, in its Recommendation 1623 (2003) on rights of national minorities, it urged the Committee of Ministers to "take the necessary measures to continue co-operation with the European Union, with a view to achieving common policies in the field of the protection of national minorities”. As a rule, these ethnic minorities or groups enjoy the rights and fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the constitution of the country, as well as specific rights, both collective and individual, provided for by legislation: -        In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia and Hungary, the protection of national minorities is guaranteed by a specific law on the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. 2. 25. In A Political Nation, the contributors address the dynamics of political parties and factions, illuminate the presence of consensus and conflict in American political life, and analyze elections, voters, and issues. 39. 47. Terminology: a very relative meaning. These national minorities or communities – often created as a result of changes in state borders –, which represent a constitutive part and a co-founding entity of the nation-state of which their members are subjects as citizens, enjoy their rights in order to preserve, express and foster their national identity, as provided for in Assembly Recommendations 1201 (1993) and 1623 (2003) and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. As a result, they enjoy the same rights as the Greek Cypriot community. It has acquired a political meaning in the recent times. The 2003 report on the issue of the preferential treatment of national minorities by the kin-state: the case of the Hungarian law of 19 June 2001 on Hungarians living in neighbouring countries (“Magyars”) looked at the terminology used in constitutions and laws to cover the phenomenon of ethnic, linguistic and cultural ties between groups of citizens within separate states, in particular the use of the word “nation” and the correlation with a specific historical or political context. I also felt that it would be interesting to know whether member states had any constitutional or legislative provisions drawing a distinction between national (or “traditional”) minorities and the new minorities. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Persons belonging to these minorities, which result from recent immigration, do not possess the citizenship of the states in which they are living, be it permanently (for example Russian-speaking persons in Estonia or Latvia) or temporarily (for example refugees or asylum seekers). According to Professor Kovacs, who was heard by the committee, it is impossible to give a common definition of the concept of nation. As Mr Jurgens, rapporteur on the preferential treatment of national minorities by the kin-state, observed, there are major differences in the way the word “nation” is used in the different parts of Europe and in the different European languages. The term “nation” is deeply rooted in peoples’ culture and history and incorporates fundamental elements of their identity. The same rights and obligations should be recognised for or observed by all states who intend to adopt unilateral measures regarding the protection of the identity of cultural and national minorities living in different states and being formed by the latter states’ citizens. the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, iii. Each religious group elects a representative to Parliament. 76. In its latest recommendation on the question of the rights of national minorities, however, the Assembly favoured a slightly different approach, asking the Committee of Ministers, in Recommendation 1623 (2003) to “draft an additional protocol to the framework convention conferring on the European Court of Human Rights the power to give advisory opinions on its interpretation of the framework convention”. National interest is the most crucial concept in international relations.It is the key concept in foreign policy as it provides the material based on which foreign policy is made. 66. Given the lack of detail in the replies to the questionnaire, it is difficult to ascertain what these mean in practice and whether they apply to the citizens of the states concerned or to their “nationals”: -        Article 108 of the constitution of Greece provides that “the State must take care for emigrant Greeks and for the maintenance of their ties with the Fatherland. It is imperative that this support respects the legislation of the States where the minorities concerned live and it is to be recommended that any regulatory act must be negotiated beforehand with the governments of those States. Become a Study.com member to unlock this The Assembly notes that up until now there is no common European legal definition of the concept of ‘nation’.”. These two conceptions emerged in a particular political context, and were determined by political considerations, but they were not mutually exclusive and existed in parallel. In accordance with the constitution and the domestic law of the Republic of Slovenia, the provisions of the Framework Convention will also apply to the members of the Roma community of the Republic of Slovenia; -        Sweden recognises that the national minorities in Sweden are the Sami, Swedish Finns, Tornedalers, Roma and Jews; -        “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” recognises that the Framework Convention applies to citizens of “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” living within its borders who are part of the Albanian, Turkish, Vlach, Serbian, Roma and Bosniac peoples.69. According to the constitution of Switzerland, the Swiss people and the cantons together form the Swiss Confederation (Federation) and have together adopted the constitution. Anthony Smith, one of the most influential scholars of nation-states and nationalism, argued that a state is a nation-state only if and when a single ethnic and cultural population inhabits the boundaries of a state, and the boundaries of that state are coextensive with the boundaries of that ethnic and cultural population. Some constitutions explicitly recognise the existence of national or ethnic or linguistic minorities without mentioning the groups concerned and simply lay down the principle of recognition of their rights (enjoyment of the rights and fundamental freedoms recognised in the constitution; right to promote their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity; the right to education; recognition of the “national” language; setting up of representative local self-government bodies, etc). This period therefore saw the emergence of a very different conception, the German concept of nation, that of Herder, a kind of patriotic German reaction to French domination. 69. 5.1. : The names of the members who took part in the meeting are printed in bold, Secretariat of the Committee: Mr Drzemczewski, Mr Schirmer, Mrs Clamer. Other states go further and expressly identify these minority groups by listing them either in the constitution or in legislation: -        This applies to Croatia, which includes a list of this kind not only in its constitution (“the Republic of Croatia is established as the national state of the Croatian nation and the state of the members of autochthonous national minorities: Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Austrians, Ukrainians and Ruthenians and the others who are citizens and who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality and the realisation of national rights in accordance with the democratic norms of the United Nations Organisation and the countries of the free world”), but also in its legislation, which gives rise to certain problems7. 6 http://www.coe.int/T/F/Droits_de_l%27Homme/minorites/. In view of the number of languages spoken in European countries and their diversity, certain words or concepts – such as nation and people– are quite simply untranslatable. In particular, the Action Plan points out that "Europe's chequered history has shown that the protection of national minorities is essential for the maintenance of peace and the development of democratic stability. Programme of the Hearing held in Berlin on Tuesday 8 June 2004, 9 h 30       Opening of the Hearing by Mr Eduard Lintner, Chairperson of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, 9 h 35        Introduction by the Rapporteur, Mr Gy�rgy Frunda, - Professor Peter Kovacs, University of Miskolc, Hungary, - Professor St�phane Pierr�-Caps, University of Nancy, France, - Mr Stanko Nick, member of the Venice Commission on behalf of Croatia, Ambassador of the Republic of Croatia to Hungary, 12 h 00       Closing of the hearing by the Rapporteur, Mr Gy�rgy Frunda, Reporting committee: Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Reference to committee: Doc 10177, Reference No 2972 of 21 June 2004, Draft recommendation adopted by the Committee on 7 November 2005 with 14 votes in favour, 5 votes against and no abstentions, Members of the Committee : Mr Dick Marty (Chairperson), Mr Jerzy Jaskiernia, Mr Erik Jurgens, Mr Eduard Lintner (Vice-Chairpersons), Mrs Birgitta Alhqvist, Mr Athanasios Alevras, Mr Gulamhuseyn Alibeyli, Mr Rafis Aliti, Mr Alexander Arabadjiev, Mr Miguel Arias, Mr Birgir �rmannsson, Mr Jos� Luis Arnaut, Mr Giorgi Arveladz�, Mr Abd�lkadir Ateş, Mrs Doris Barnett, Mr Jaume Bartumeu Cassany, Mrs Meritxell Batet, Mrs Soledad Becerril, Mrs Marie-Louise Bemelmans-Videc, Mr Sali Berisha, Mr Rudolf Bindig, Mr Erol Aslan Cebeci, Mrs Pia Christmas-M�ller, Mr Boriss Cilevičs, Mr Andr�s Cs�ky, Mr Marcello Dell'Utri, Mr Martin Engeset, Mrs Lydie Err, Mr Jan Ertsborn, Mr V�clav Exner, Mr Valeriy Fedorov, Mr Gy�rgy Frunda, Mr Jean-Charles Gardetto, Mr J�szef Gedei (alternate: Mr Attila Gruber), Mr Stef Goris, Mr Valery Grebennikov, Ms Gultakin Hajiyeva, Mrs Karin Hakl, Mr Nick Harvey, Mr Serhiy Holovaty, Mr Michel Hunault, Mrs Fatme Ilyaz, Mr Sergei Ivanov, Mr Tom�š Jirsa, Mr Antti Kaikkonen, Mr Hans Kaufmann, Mr Nikolay Kovalev (alternate: Mr Yuri Sharandin), Mr Jean-Pierre Kucheida, Mrs Darja Lavtižar-Bebler, Mr Andrzej Lepper, Mrs Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, Mr Tony Lloyd, Mr Humfrey Malins, Mr Andrea Manzella, Mr Tito Masi, Mr Andrew McIntosh, Mr Murat Mercan, Mr Philippe Monfils, Mr Philippe Nachbar, Mr Tomislav Nikolić, Ms Ann Ormonde, Ms Agnieszka Pasternak, Mr Piero Pellicini, Mr Rino Piscitello (alternate: Mr Milos Budin), Mr Petro Poroshenko, Mrs Maria Postoico, Mr Christos Pourgourides, Mr Jeffrey Pullicino Orlando, Mr Martin Raguž, Mr Fran�ois Rochebloine, Mr Armen Rustamyan, Mr Adrian Severin, Mr Michael Spindelegger, Mrs Rodica Mihaela Stănoiu, Mr Petro Symonenko, Mr Vojtech Tk�č, Mr Egidijus Vareikis, Mr Miltiadis Varvitsiotis, Mr Jos� Vera Jardim, Mrs Renate Wohlwend, Mr Vladimir Zhirinovsky (alternate: Mrs Natalia Narochnitskaya), Mr Zoran Žižić, Mr Miomir Žužul, N.B. According to Leacock, a nation is a body of people united by common descent and language. 5.3. The constitution of Slovenia provides in Article 3 that “Slovenia is a state of all its citizens and is founded on the permanent and inalienable right of the Slovene nation to self-determination. Reply from the committee therefore decided to organise a hearing and to academics! Used interchangeably in Slovenia. ” a common definition will help to solve any problems new minorities it and adulterated original! Or another commonality ( communities ) living in neighbouring countries well as to Iceland, the Czech Republic that... Rights of minorities '' as synonyms Frunda, Romania, group of people that have a near monopoly sovereignty! Sovereignty through the authorised organs as prescribed by the government, gave to. Culture and history and incorporates fundamental elements of their identity raised here by. 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